Database Management Systems (DBMS)

In database management systems (DBMS), relational algebra and relational calculus are two theoretical frameworks used to retrieve and manipulate data. While both serve as the foundation for modern query languages like SQL, they differ in their approach. The difference between relational algebra and calculus lies in their procedural vs. non-procedural nature and how they define […]

Relational calculus in DBMS is a non-procedural query language used to specify what data to retrieve rather than how to retrieve it. It forms the foundation for declarative query languages like SQL, emphasizing logic and conditions to describe the desired result. Relational calculus is essential in relational database theory as it provides a theoretical framework

Relational algebra in DBMS is a procedural query language used to perform operations on relational databases. It provides a foundation for retrieving and manipulating data, forming the theoretical basis for SQL and other query languages. Relational algebra defines a set of operations that take one or more relations (tables) as input and produce a new

In database management systems (DBMS), understanding the difference between view and table is crucial for efficient database design and querying. Both views and tables are essential components, but they serve different purposes and operate differently. While a table is a physical structure storing data, a view is a virtual representation of data derived from tables.

Codd’s Rules in DBMS are a set of 12 guidelines proposed by Dr. Edgar F. Codd to define and evaluate the characteristics of a relational database management system (RDBMS). These rules ensure that a database follows relational principles, providing consistency, efficiency, and reliability. While most modern RDBMSs comply with these rules to varying degrees, they